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آنتاگونیست
In the 1970's, interest in anger as a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor grew because of findings linking the Type A behavior pattern, which included impatience, irritation and anger as components (in addition to competitiveness, time urgency and job involvement), to cardiac events.7,8 Subsequent epidemiological studies found Type A behavior was a weak and inconsistent predictor of CAD,9,10 but hostility and antagonistic behavioral tendencies - referred to as "Potential for Hostility" (POH) - scored as subcomponents of the Structured Interview (SI) used to assess Type A,11,12 or with anger-hostility questionnaires predicted cardiac disease.13,14
The behavioral dimension is anger expression, referring to tendencies to be verbally or physically antagonistic.
It can be measured by coding antagonistic behaviors in response to the structured interview (SI) originally developed to assess the Type A complex.12,19,20 There also is a self-report inventory, the Anger-Out scale, to assess tendencies to express aggression outwardly.21 Another scale, the Anger-In scale, was designed to assess tendencies to suppress or withhold anger.21 Questions, however, have been raised about the substantial overlap between the general predisposition to experience a frequent and intense range of all types of negative emotions and Anger-In.22 A third scale, Anger Control has items inquiring about the extent to which an individual "...controls my temper," however this measure has been used infrequently by researchers.21
Both are important antagonists to the negative affect of unforgiveness and agonists for positive affect.
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