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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
خودکامگی، اقتدارگرا
Gradually secularism became a dirty word in many Muslim-majority societies(for example it is now referred to as siplis- syphilis-by Islamist groups in Indonesia), because it was associated not only with atheism but also with brutal authoritarian rule-particularly with Western backed dictators like the Shah in Iran and Mubarak in Egypt.
Hamid argues that there is an inescapable secular logic or 'grammar' that emanates from the structure of the modern state which manifests itself in both authoritarian and liberal states in both Euro- America and the Middle East-a legacy of the overlapping histories and trajectories of Western and non-Western secularism wrought by colonialism.
The former are deemed by Kuru to be more inclusive and democratic and the latter more exclusive and authoritarian.
But, as we have seen previously, secularism can 'foster liberal pluralism or authoritarian nationalism depending on the trajectories of a given nationbuilding process'.
Whatever the reasons behind this disparity, a more problematizing genealogical approach could profitably be applied to contemporary Islamic movements, especially those engaged in authoritarian forms of 'self-making', without fuelling racism and imperialism.،
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