3
سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
مشروطه گرایی
In the nineteenth century, western Europe was increasingly perceived as the place of constitutionalism, development of formal democracy and parliamentary institutions.
As early as the 1780s, the historian Boltin was claiming the superiority of monarchy over a parliamentary system, noting that 'the diseases of monarchy are short-lived and light; the diseases of republicanism are harsh and fatal'.39 Reinforced by Karamzin, the criticism of constitutionalism, parliamentarianism and democracy and the emphasis on their unsuitability for Russia were an important feature of the Slavophiles' writings in the 1840s and the 1850s.
Democracy in the western sense was simply 'a game of counting votes' based on the incorrect assumption that 'truth was always on the side of the majority'.40 Constitutionalism, Samarin argued, was simply a codification of current injustices.41
The alternative approach of the Westernisers, who saw western European constitutionalism as a model for Russia, can also be traced to eighteenth- century authors such as Radishchev, whose writings offered one of the first positive images of the United States in Russian thought, and Novikov, with his interest in Britain's constitutional monarchy.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران