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If the Wnt signaling inhibitor GSK3 is itself inhibited throughout the body axis, ectopic tentacles form at all levels, and each piece of the trunk has the ability to stimulate the outgrowth of new buds.
Similarly, transgenic hydra made to globally misexpress the downstream Wnt effector p-catenin form ectopic buds all along the body axis and even on top of newly formed ectopic buds (FIGURE 22.6B; Gee et al. 2010).
To induce a complete ectopic limb, not only does a nerve need to be diverted to the wound site, but an epidermal graft from the opposite side of the limb (from a posterior to an anterior location) needs to be placed near the wound (FIGURE 22.21; Endo et al. 2004).
They also suggest, however, that signals from nerves are not sufficient for ectopic limb growth; for that growth, positional cues from an epidermis that are different from the positional cues at the wound site itself are also needed (see Yin and Poss 2008; McCusker and Gardiner 2011, 2014).
After reading this chapter, you should be able to identify this image as an ectopic or accessory salamander limb.
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