1
عمومی::
فردگرا
Western expatriates from individualist cultures are likely to value independence and self-sufficiency, whereas collectivists may value social relationships, gift giving and reciprocity (Tan et al.
GLOBE leadership dimensions Characteristics of dimensions Regions where leadership dimensions are widely endorsed Autonomous leadership Individualistic, independent, unique.
Therefore, Western leadership theories originating in more individualist values may not be applicable in more collectivistic/paternalistic Asian cultures.
In addition, Arab culture and Chinese culture seem to be undergoing rapid change, with the emergence of more individualistic values.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران
3
روان شناسی و مشاوره::
فردگرا
Oishi (2000) claimed that outside of a very few individualistic nations,"autonomous individuals were no more satisfied with their lives than were those who were less autonomous" (p. 102).
This was true not only for the more individualistic U.S. workers they sampled but also for the more collectivist Bulgarian workers.
The authors claimed that the differential association was due to the different meanings associated with competition in individualist versus collectivist cultures.
In Western, individualistic societies, the adoption of approach goals is more normative; thus, avoidance goals are maladaptive in that context.
This is because in individualistic cultures, the self is construed to be a distinct and independent entity, and a person has to stand out by distinguishing himself or herself from others through self-sufficiency and/or personal accomplishment (Markus & Kitayama, 1991).
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران