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In the tadpole, the right eye innervates the left side of the brain, and vice versa; there are no ipsilateral (same-side) projections of the retinal neurons.
During metamorphosis, however, ipsilateral pathways emerge alongside the contralateral (opposite-side) pathways, enabling input from both eyes to reach the same area of the brain (Currie and Cowan 1974; Hoskins and Grobstein 1985a).
Ephrin B is also found in the optic chiasm of mammals (which have ipsilateral projections throughout life) but not in the chiasm of fish and birds (which have only contralateral projections).
For instance, thyroid hormones instruct the ventral retina to express ephrin B and to generate the ipsilateral neurons seen in Figure 21 .ID.
If deiodinase 111 is activated in the ventral retina, neurons will not proliferate and no ipsilateral axons will form (Kawahara et al. 1999; Marsh-Armstrong et al. 1999).
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