phosphorylated

1 زیست شناسی:: فسفریله شده

In eukaryotic cells, G­418 (Geneticin), which is phosphorylated and thereby inactivated by neomycin phosphotransferase, replaces neomycin as the selective agent be­ cause neomycin is not an effective inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Selective agent Action of selective agent Marker gene Action of marker gene protein Xyl-A Damages DNA Adenine deaminase (ada) Deaminates Xyl-A Blasticidin S Inhibits protein synthesis Blasticidin S deaminases (Bsr, BSD) Deaminates blasticidin S Bleomycin Breaks DNA strands Bleomycin-binding protein (Ble) Binds to bleomycin G-418 (Geneticin) Inhibits protein synthesis Neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) Phosphorylates G-418 Histidinol Produces cytotoxic efects Histidinol dehydrogenase (hisD) Oxidizes histidinol to histidine Hygromycin B Inhibits protein synthesis Hygromycin B phosphotransferase (Hph) Phosphorylates hygromycin B MSX Inhibits glutamine synthesis Glutamine synthetase (GS) Cells that produce excess glutamine synthetase survive MTX Inhibits DNA synthesis Dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) Cells that produce excess dihydrofolate reductase survive PALA Inhibits purine synthesis Cytosine deaminase (codA) Lowers cytosine levels in the medium by converting cytosine to uracil Puromycin Inhibits protein synthesis Puromycin N-acetyltransferase (Pac) Acetylates puromycin MSX, methionine sulfoximine; MTX, methotrexate; PALA, N­(phosphoacetyl)­l­aspartate; Xyl­A, 9­ک­d­xylofuranosyl adenine. ends of the linear DNA molecules are phosphorylated and therefore either the primers must be phosphorylated or the PCR products must be phosphory­ lated using the enzyme polynucleotide kinase. nucleotide on the adaptor is not phosphorylated and therefore cannot be ligated to an adjacent 3?

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