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globalization and resulting economic interdependence fail to foster sus- tained cooperation, competitive international politics could reemerge with a vengeance.
Under what conditions can we expect intense traditional hard balancing to reemerge?
Hard balanc- ing reemerged during the late nineteenth century, when almost all European powers viewed territorial conquest and mercantilist policies as necessary for their economic prosperity and security.
Moreover, the test of relative strength is war, whose outbreak means that the balance of power has failed.42 In the years before 1848, three monar- chical continental powers of Europe-Prussia, Russia, and Austria- thought a preponderance of power on their side was needed to prevent France from reemerging as a threat.
Conversely, if and when the U.S. becomes overwhelmingly threatening to the vital interests of other great powers-especially their physical security-traditional hard balancing could reemerge.
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