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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
تعرفهها
They exploit their peripheries via extraction of natural resources, control of transport corridors, hubs, demand and supply levers, food supplies, trade tariffs, and even regional utility networks (Van der Merwe, 2016, p. 28).
The imposition of duties and tariffs also affects imports and exports for landlocked countries.
The turn to globalisation was further bolstered by the reduction of trade barriers, the actions of the World Trade Organisation and World Bank, and by the Global Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (Harbert, 2016).
Although a reduction in local import tariffs might enable countries to import products that meet basic needs at low prices (Asongu, 2012, p. 13), the increased competition and resultant job losses result in reduced disposable income and this reduces the standard of living in developing countries, especially for those who are unskilled (Rabbanne et al.
The onus lies on the Global South to ensure that elites do not dominate policy agendas and control tariffs in ways that neglect their obligations to their citizens (Rudra & Tirone, 2017, p. 6).
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