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فلسفه::
راستگوها/همانگوها(محمد اردشیر)
Stated boldly and bluntly, tautologies, contradictions and mathematical propositions (i.e.
Unlike genuine propositions, tautologies and contradictions "have no 'subject-matter'" (6.124), "lack sense," and "say nothing" about the world (4.461), and, analogously, mathematical equations are "pseudo-propositions" (6.2) which, when 'true' ('correct'; 'richtig' (6.2321)), "merely mark[
Given that "[t]autology and contradiction are the limiting cases-indeed the disintegration-of the combination of signs" (4.466; italics added), where "the conditions of agreement with the world-the representational relations-cancel one another, so that [they] do[] not stand in any representational relation to reality," tautologies and contradictions do not picture reality or possible states of affairs and possible facts (4.462).
Stated differently, tautologies and contradictions do not have sense, which means we cannot use them to make assertions, which means, in turn, that they cannot be either true or false.
Despite the fact that Wittgenstein clearly does not attempt to reduce mathematics to logic in either Russell's manner or Frege's manner, or to tautologies, and despite the fact that Wittgenstein criticizes Russell's Logicism (e.g.
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