2
Law::
prepi to. به is used: a. as a preposition or function word in front of nouns frequently in much the same way as the English ‘to’ though not as a Persian equivalent for all of the various usage of the English preposition b. as a prefixal adjunct, sometimes as a bound form with nouns or verbs and at other times, eg before words beginning with ا (ie ‘alef’, the first letter of the Persian alphabet), as an unconnected morpheme c. in front of verbs as a bound-form d. in front of words beginning with other letters either as a bound-form or as an unconnected morpheme and sometimes in both forms, though one form may be grammatically or orthographically preferable to the other. In front of many nouns it may be interchangeable with the Persian preposition با . As a prefixal adjunct in its bound-form or as an unconnected morpheme before many abstract nouns it : a. makes an adverb, eg به آرامي (1. easily 2. without much effort 3. readily 4. facilely 5. softly 6. lightly) and به آهستگي (1. gently; softly 2. slowly; silently; quietly; smoothly), in this function sometimes interchangeable with the Persian با b. makes phrasal verbs before many compound verbs as a linguistically integral part of those compound verbs. The following is only a small sample of compound words beginning with به as an unconnected morpheme (for sample words beginning with initial بـ in its connected form, look in the main entry. به اباهه (given) in the form of a precarious possession; given, granted, gifted, allowed to have unceremoniously and without an express agreement به ابهام ambiguously; vaguely به اتّفاق 1. unanimously; by consensus 2. together به اتّهامِ on charge of; charged with; accused of به اجاره for rent به اجازة (also با اجازة ) with or upon s.o.’s permission به اجتهاد as the result of one’s own (superior) canonical scholarship; (by extension and loosely) as the result of one’s own scholarship به اجتهاد دريافتن find out or arrive at (sth, esp a canonical proposition) as the result of one’s own scholarship به اجرا درآمدن take effect (the European Community became the European Uniopn when the Mastricht Treaty on European Union took effect in November 1983 – B( به اجرا گذاردن (گذاشتن) execute; take out execution; implement; carry; put in force; enforce به اجماع by consensus; unanimously; with one accord به احتضار افتادن be on one’s deathbed; be dying; be at the point of death; be breathing one’s last; be in extremis; fall dying به احتمال probably; possibly به احتياط (more commonly با احتياط ) cautiously; discreetly; prudently به اختيار (also sometimes با اختيار ) with discretion; deliberately; consciously; voluntarily; at will; of one’s own accord or free will; by choice; intentionally به اختصار briefly; in brief; with brevity; in a nutshell; in summary form به اختلاس by misappropriation; by embezzlement به اختلاف انداختن pit against (each other) به ادراك by perception; by cognition به اذعان by admission; by acknowledgement به اذنِ by permission of; with the consent of به ارادة upon decision of; at the pleasure of; at the will of به ارتشاء by bribery; as bribe; in the form of bribe به ارث بردن inherit به ارز in foreign exchange به ارفاق by indulgence (as a favor); by (some degree of) leniency به ازاءِ against; for : دو روز تعطيل به ازاءِ (يا در ازاءِ) يك ماه كار two days off for each month of work به اسارت as captive(s) به اسارت افتادن (يا درآمدن) be taken captive; be captured به اسارت گرفتن take captive به استثمارگرفتن exploit به استثناءِ with the exception of; but for; excluding; save به استثناءِ also بجز except; except for; excluding; otherwise than (misdemeanor is a general word said of offenses lower than felonies and generally those punishable by fine, penalty, forfeiture or imprisonment otherwise than in penitentiary – HCB( به استحقاق de jure (Lat); according to/consistent with/on the basis of one’s own merit or deserts به استخدام درآوردن (also به استخدام گرفتن and استخدام كردن ) employ; get under one’s employ; recruit به استفهام interrogatively به استماع رساندن (fml) report (orally) به استنطاق گرفتن (also استنطاق كردن ) pump s.o. (for sth) cross-question; cross-examine; interrogate به استهزاء mockingly; derisively; sarcastically; satirically به استيصال 1. (compelled, driven, forced) by poverty 2. a. out of necessity b. by force; on or under compulsion; perforce; forcibly; (by extension) against one’s will به اشاره 1. by allusion; by implication 2. by gesture به اِشاعه in joint ownership; in common; in undivided shares; in the form of tenancy in common; in the form of tenancy in partnership به اشتباه by mistake; mistakenly; erroneously; by error; by misjudgment به اشتياق (also بااشتياق ) anxiously; cravingly; eagerly; aspiringly; with (genuine) interest به اشكال with difficulty; hardly به اصرار urgingly; importunately; by insistence; by persistence به اصرارِ upon the insistence of به اصطلاح so to speak; as the saying goes به اضافه additionally; besides; plus به اضطرار constrainedly; under necessity; for lack of an alternative; under constraint به اطاعت obediently; in obedience (to) به اطمينان (also با اطمينان ) with assurance; with certainty به اعتذار apologetically به افراط to excess به افسون (also با افسون ) by enchantment به اقتضاءِ as warranted by (the occasion, etc); as demanded by…; according as (circumstances, etc) may dictate or allow; on the spur of… به اقساط by payment plan; by installments به اقوي دليل for a stronger reason به اكتشاف پرداختن quarry; begin to quarry به اكراه by compulsion; under duress; reluctantly; by force به التماس (also sometimes با التماس ) entreatingly; imploringly; beseechingly به امانت گذاردن/گذاشتن (اموال منقول) نزد ثالث bail : to place (personal property) in someone else’s charge or trust (bail the goods with the warehouse – B( به امساك (also sometimes با امساك ) (of eating or drinking habits) abstemiously; in moderation; in a moderate manner; moderately; not excessively به انحلال كشاندن to cause dissolution (of, eg a corporation, a partnership, a parliament) به اندازه of the required size, amount, quantity or number; in the quantity preferred; to taste; moderately به اندرز as a piece of advice; (meant or intended) as advice به انشعاب كشيدن (specif : of a political party or a group of people) split; to separate or divide into two or more often opposing groupings or parties; to cause a group to divide in this way به انشعاب كشيده شدن (esp of political parties and groups) be split (into sth) به انصاف fairly; equitably به انضمامِ (of things) together with; attached by; along with به انفاق دادن donate ( : to present as a gift to charity or pious cause); bestow ( : present as a gift to charity or cause); give in charity; give for benevolent purposes; give as a charitable gift به انقراض كشيده شدن (also منقرض شدن ) 1. (of dynasties, forms of government, political systems) fall 2. (of animals) become extinct به انگيزة 1. doing or intending to do with the idea of, with the purpose or intention of, for the purpose of 2. aiming to… ; intending to… به اوج رساندن bring to a climax; heighten ( : make sth higher or more intense) به اهانت (also با اهانت ) insultingly; with insolence; insolently; insolent; abusively; contemptuously; disdainfully به اهتزاز درآوردن (lit. or fig. of flags only) hoist به اهتمامِ 1. a. as the result of the effort(s) of b. by the good offices of; through s.o.’s good offices 2. (in acknowledgement of a person’s expert assistance, especially as seen printed on books and scholarly works) with the editorial, etc assistance of … به ايجاز briefly; concisely; in brief; in sum; in summary; to sum up; succinctly; in a word به ايرادِ سخن پرداختن (fml) start speaking; address(ing) an audience; begin delivering a speech به ايماء (also به ايما and frequently in its extended form به ايماء و اشاره ) by allusion (ie in writing); (loosely) by intimation به ايهام equivocally; by equivocation به باد دادن (of a person’s wealth, assets, estate, inheritance, possessions) fling or scatter to the winds; cast, throw, fritter away (ie a fortune); squander (one’s money, wealth) به باد رفتن (of a person’s wealth, assets, estate, inheritance, possessions) be flung scattered into the wind; be thrown to the winds; be cast, thrown, frittered away (ie a fortune) : (of one’s money, wealth) be squandered به بازديد رفتن a. (originally) return a visit; pay back a visit b. (loosely) visit (esp s.o. as an act of courtesy) c. inspect به بازرسي پرداختن 1. (start to) inspect; start/begin inspecting; start/begin to search 2. (start to) ransack 3. scrutinize; sift (through) به بار نشستن 1. (lit.) bear fruit 2. (by extension and figuratively) come to fruition به باورِ in the opinion of; in the judgment of به بدي badly; disapprovingly به بداهه (also بالبداهه ) extemporaneously; ad lib; offhand; by improvisation به بدبختي (infml) with great difficulty; with great trouble به بدجنسي maliciously; out of spite; with ill intentions به بدرقه رفتن see (a person) off به بدگماني افتادن begin to suspect; start to become suspicious of به بديهه (also بالبديهه ) extemporaneously (see also به بداهه ) به بذله jokingly; in jest; jestingly; epigrammatically به بردگي in bondage به بردگي گرفتن hold in servitude; take as a slave به تفصيل at large : fully; in detail (there wasn’t time to discuss the issue at large – B( به تنهايي 1. by oneself 2. severally و هريك از مستأجران به تنهايي مسئول پرداخت مال الاجاره ميباشند each lessee is (or ‘being’) severally responsible to pay (or remit) the whole of the rentals (ie in the event of the default of the other leaseholder(s) in common) به ثبت رساندن incorporate : to create a corporation; to confer a corporate franchise upon determinate persons (corporate charter is a document filed with the Secretary of State upon one’s incorporating a business, such as the articles of incorporation – B( به جايِ 1. instead of 2. in lieu of; for and in lieu of 3. rather than 4. in place of 5. in satisfaction of (accord is an agreement under which an obligee promises to accept a stated performance in satisfaction of the obligor’s existing duty – also termed executory accord; accord executory – B( به حرف آمدن (esp after a long pause or after keeping mute for sometime, eg at interrogation, and occasionally for making an admission or confession) به حرف آوردن make s.o. speak (despite his/her reluctance or refusal to do so, using either persuasion or force – Compare with the preceding item) به حروف (of figures, numerals, dates) in letters به دروغ (also بدروغ) falsely; by deception; deceptively; by misrepresentation; as a lie به دزدي (obtained) as the result of theft, misappropriation, robbery; (done) as an act of stealing به دل گرفتن (idm/infml) take offense; take it personally به روي كارآمدن 1. (of a ranking official) take office 2. accession : a coming into possession of a right or office (as promised, the state’s budget was balanced within two years after the governor’s accession – B( به زيانِ prejudicial to (in maritime law, barratry is fraudulent or grossly negligent conduct (by a master or crew) that is prejudicial to a ship-owner – B( به ستم cruelly; oppressively; tyrannically به سحر by enchantment; by witchcraft; by charm; by sorcery به سَهْو (of a mistake, error, fault, offense) unintentionally; inadvertently به شُبهِ (done) in a state of confusion; by confusion (of one thing or person with another, eg as the result of their looking alike or as the result of the impossibility of telling one from the other due to specific circumstances); mistakenly; by mere mistake; by mistaken understanding or conclusion; as a mistake به شراكت in partnership; jointly; in co-partnership; in common ownership به شُفْعِه by pre-emption به شكست انجاميدن 1. (of talks, negotiations) collapse; break down 2. (of projects, plans, enterprises) fail به شِكْوِه complainingly; lamentingly; plaintively; grievously (in Persian in a mild way and usually only subjectively, privately or passively) به صُعوبَت with great or extreme effort; with extreme difficulty; laboriously به ضمانتِ 1. on/with the assurance of 2. guaranteed by; with the warranty of )a real of legal person, etc) 3. (of a prisoner or detainee) bailed out by; on s.o.’s recognizance به ضميمه attached; attached hereto; appended hereto; enclosed (herewith) به عَجْز unably; out of/marked by inability or frustration به عجله hurriedly; hastily به عهده گرفتن 1. undertake (sth, to do sth) 2. take charge of (bankruptcy trustee is the person appointed by the U.S. Trustee and approved by the bankruptcy court to take charge of and administer the debtor’s estate during bankruptcy proceedings – also termed trustee in bankruptcy – B( 3. take on (executor de son tort is a person who, without legal authority, takes on the responsibility to act as an executor or administrator of a decedent’s property, usually to the detriment of the estzte’s beneficiaries or creditors – B( به غنيمت as booty; as a prize of war به غنيمت گرفتن take as a prize of war; seize به قصدِ 1. with the purpose of (European Union is an association – formed as the European Economic Community (EEC) by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and later renamed the European Community (EC) – of European nations with the purpose of achieving full economic unity (and eventual political union) by agreeing to eliminate barriers to the free movement of capital goods, and labor among the member-nations – B( به گل نشستن (of ships) strand; run aground به مقاطعه in the form of a contractual piece-work; (awarded to, accepted or undertaken to be carried out) as a piece of contract به مَكْر by deceit; cunningly; slyly; deceptively; by artifice به منظورِ with the purpose of (European Union is an association – formed as the European Economic Community (EEC) by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and later renamed the European Community (EC) – of European nations with the purpose of achieving full economic unity (and eventual political union) by agreeing to eliminate barriers to the free movement of capital goods, and labor among the member-nations – B( به موجبِ 1. by virtue of به موجب وصيت by will (devisee is a recipient of property (usu real property) by will – B( به موقع 1. in time 2. punctually 3. at the right time 4. opportune : (of an action or event) done or happening at the right time to be successful (an opportune remark( (an opportune moment( (an opportune offer of assistance( 5. timely : اجراي به موقع قرارداد the timely performance of a contract (performance bond is a bond given by a surety to ensure the timely performance of a contract – also termed completion bond; surety bond – B( به نحوي in some way; in a certain way (estoppel in pais or equitable estoppel is a defensive doctrine preventing one party from taking unfair advantage of another when, through false language or conduct, the person to be estopped has induced another person to act in a certain way, with the result that the other person has been injured in some way – B( به نحوي از انحاء in some way or other به نصيحت in the form of advice; by way of advice; (intended or meant) as a piece of advice به نفعِ 1. for the benefit of (bankruptcy is the statutory procedure, usu triggered by insolvency, by which a person is relieved of most debts and undergoes a judicially supervised reorganization or liquidation for the benefit of that person’s creditors – B( به نَفَقه in the form of maintenance (to one’s wife) به نيرنگ (See به مكر ) به واسطة (also sometimes بواسطة ) 1. due to 2. because of 3. on the grounds of (Impossibility of performance – and where the subject-matter of the contract has without the knowledge of either party ceased to exist before the contract was made, the contract is void on the ground of mistake – JBS( 4. by reason of; on account of 5. in consequence of (in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of a shareholder( به وام as loan; in the form of (a) loan; on loan به وحي by divine revelation به وقف in mortmain; in the form of a mortmain; as mortmain; as endowment; (intended) as an endowment به وَهْم by illusion; imaginatively; by (mere) fancy; as a figment of the imagniation
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