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جمع گرایی
Schwarz (1990) developed his classifications because of difficulties with Hofstede's; collectivism/individualism have some values in common, and the dichotomy implies a polar distinction in which individual and collective goals cannot be coincident (Gouveia & Ros, 2002).
The words individualism and collectivism appear to differ in meaning in different countries (Mead, 1994).
However, both adopt the principle of collectivism, not western individualism.
Institutional collectivism: Extent to which society encourages collective distribution of resources and collective action.
In group collectivism: Extent to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations and families.
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