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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
روشنگری، روشنگری
This had been signalled in the Norwegian Report of the Penal Institutions Committee (1841: 707): 'there can be no talk of throwing away the fruits of the Enlightenment, civilization and industrialization; hence, the classes who have so far not been able to utilize these must be included in them.'
In the Nordic countries, Enlightenment thought was very influential, particularly Beccaria's (1764) On Crimes and Punishments (it had been translated into Swedish in 1770).
In addition, the Commissioners situated penal reform in the context of broader international developments, as if, in so doing, this gave further legitimacy to their proposals: these would ensure that Sweden would be part of the progressive, post Enlightenment world of reason and civility that was sweeping through the rest of Europe.
However, Enlightenment influences were much less prominent in corresponding attempts to modify penal law in England.
These Enlightenment principles were then built into the penal codes that the respective Nordic law commissions drew up during the nineteenth and early twentieth century: codification was essential to ensure that the quantity of punishment was determined by experts at this stage, rather than judges presiding in a particular case: the Nordic judges had no right (nor did they claim any such right anyway, given the different juridical cultures of these societies) to stand between government intentions and policy development.،This had been signalled in the Norwegian Report of the Penal Institutions Committee (1841: 707): 'there can be no talk of throwing away the fruits of the Enlightenment, civilization and industrialization; hence, the classes who have so far not been able to utilize these must be included in them.'
In the Nordic countries, Enlightenment thought was very influential, particularly Beccaria's (1764) On Crimes and Punishments (it had been translated into Swedish in 1770).
In addition, the Commissioners situated penal reform in the context of broader international developments, as if, in so doing, this gave further legitimacy to their proposals: these would ensure that Sweden would be part of the progressive, post Enlightenment world of reason and civility that was sweeping through the rest of Europe.
However, Enlightenment influences were much less prominent in corresponding attempts to modify penal law in England.
These Enlightenment principles were then built into the penal codes that the respective Nordic law commissions drew up during the nineteenth and early twentieth century: codification was essential to ensure that the quantity of punishment was determined by experts at this stage, rather than judges presiding in a particular case: the Nordic judges had no right (nor did they claim any such right anyway, given the different juridical cultures of these societies) to stand between government intentions and policy development.
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