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عمومی::
بافت پوششی، اپیتیلیوم، اپیتلیوم
Most laryngeal carcinomas are of the squamous cell type and originate from the epithelium.
Laryngeal carcinoma is most often caused by chronic irritation of the laryn- geal epithelium and mucosa by such agents as tobacco smoke and alcohol, but rarely there may be other etiologies.
Acute nodules arise from traumatic or hyperfunctional voice use and appear rather gelatinous and floppy, as the overlying squamous epithelium is normal.
Chronic nodules appear harder and more fixed to the underlying mass of the mucosa because of increased fibrosis and a thickened epithelium.
Papillomas (Figure 4-15) are wart-like growths that develop in the epithelium and invade deeper into the lamina pro- pria and vocalis muscle.،،Evidence for apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in the regenerating palatal epithelium upon acute injury.
(A) After LPS inhalation, a specialized population of sessile alveolar macrophages attached to the alveolar wall form gap-junction channels with the epithelium.
For example, a recent study by Westphalen and colleagues identified a specialized population of sessile alveolar macrophages (AMs) that protect the lung from tissue-damaging inflammation by directly communicating immunosuppressive signals to neighboring epithelium (West-
These AMs are attached to the alveolar wall and form connexin 43 (Cx43)-containing gap-junction chan- nels with the epithelium.
After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, they directly transmit immunosuppressive signals through synchronized Ca2+ waves by using the epithelium as the conducting pathway.
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