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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
صنعتی سازی
Beginning in the late 1840s, and particularly in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions, contemporary western Europe, industrialising and bourgeois, captured the imagination of Russian thinkers and turned their particular attention to the western European models of economic development.
The (in)appropriateness of western European economic models (that is, the capitalist form of industrialisation) was debated by Russian thinkers with arguably even greater passion than the political differences between Russia and western Europe.
As Isaiah Berlin argued in his essay on the Russian Populist movement, Russian intellectuals who spoke about the atomisation of societies under the impact of industrialisation and urbanisation, who criticised the mass culture of bourgeois Europe and attacked Eurocentric perceptions of the world, provided 'acute insights into moral, social, and aesthetic problems' whose 'central importance' was fully realised by their counterparts in the West only in the second half of the twentieth century.86
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