2
سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
اینتلیجنتسیا
And Russian thinkers from Dostoevsky to Vladimir Solovev, as well as the authors of the famous Landmarks collection on the historical role of the Russian intelligentsia, suggested that it should be Russia's goal to resurrect Europe's Christian tradition.30
Under the influence of Hegel's philosophy of history, Chernyshevsky then argued that 'the highest stage of development is similar in form to the beginning from which it proceeds', hence socialism based on communes was the future of Europe in its entirety.57 A negative image of western capitalism became central to the ideology of the classical Populists, whose ideas Andrzej Walicki aptly described as a 'response to the image of capitalist development in Western socialist thought ... by the democratic intelligentsia in a backward peasant country at an early stage of capitalist development'.58 Like Herzen, the Populists idealised the peasant commune and, following Chernyshevsky, believed in the eventual return of western Europe to communal principles.
Russia's nascent intelligentsia shared their empress's orientalist tastes.
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3
علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
طبقه روشنفکر
When those who generate ideas, the intellectuals proper, are surrounded by a wide penumbra of those who disseminate those ideas- whether as journalists, teachers, staffers to legislators or clerks to judges, and other members of the intelligentsia- their influence on the course of social evolution can be considerable, or even crucial.
Because this is a study of patterns, it is not confined to contemporary intellectuals but includes patterns that have, in many cases, existed among the intelligentsia for at least two centuries.
Schumpeter said, "there are many Keynesians and Marxians who have never read a line of Keynes or Marx."1 They have gotten their ideas second- or third-hand from the intelligentsia.
Rather than simply generalizing from the writings or behavior of particular intellectuals, this book will analyze both the vision and the incentives and constraints behind the general patterns found among members of the intelligentsia, past and present, as well as what they have said and its impact on the societies in which they said it.
This book seeks to develop such an analysis and to explore its implications for the direction in which the intelligentsia are taking our society and Western civilization in general.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران