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In southern and eastern lowland England, as Marion Shoard has shown, the loss of hedgerows, ancient wood- lands, wetlands, ponds and natural hay meadows has been dramatic.6 In addition, the pressures on lowland British land- scapes resulting from suburban expansion, not just housing but business parks, industrial estates, out-of-town shopping and leisure developments, as well as expanding road networks, have also wrought major changes.
Upland areas of Britain have not been immune to landscape change, although the pace of transformation has been slower than in the lowlands.
Lowland areas have gained a number of wetland sites, valued for recreation and wildlife, from the flooding of aban- doned gravel workings, while in former coal-mining areas lakes created by miningsubsidence have been used in the same way.
The impact of mainly private forestry developments in the peat bogs of the Flow Country in Caithness, through extensive drainage that affected areas that were not even planted, led to belated protec- tion measures, including designation of Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), for a rare habitat.14 Current trends favour the extension of woodlands in lowland areas.
Similar schemes have also been launched in other lowland areas.15 Schemes for extending Scottish native pine forests in the Cairngorms and for recreating the original mixed-deciduous wildwood in the Carrifan valley near Moffat in the Scottish Borders have also been received enthusiastically.
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