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عمومی::
ناسازگارانه
Other pathologies develop following maladaptive or inappropriate voice use.
Muscle tension dysphonia that emerges during an upper respira- tory infection may persist long after the cold has resolved, presumably because of the effortful phonation and other maladaptive vocal behaviors adopted during the cold.
Maladaptive compensations include effortful phonation, poor tone focus, or inappropriate pitch and loudness.
The essential components of vocal abuse and misuse are prolonged, effortful, and maladaptive vocal behav- iors, usually based on excessively loud or aggressive voice production, sharp glottal attack (voice onset), inappro- priate technique for voice or singing, and aggressive laryngeal vegetative maneuvers, including throat clearing, coughing, or grunting.1'3'13 Some forms of so-called abuse and misuse arise from at-risk situations or environments, including occupational hazards posed by heavy voice demands in loud ambi- ent noise, or for long periods of time.13 Vocal abuse and misuse often result from poor or ineffective training in vocal technique, including insufficient respiratory support, excessive laryn- geal tension during phonation, and failure to achieve proper oral resonant
Second- ary MTD refers to maladaptive com- pensatory voice behaviors adopted in response to some intruding laryngeal pathology, such as a benign lesion, pare- sis, or other disturbance.13'141
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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
ناسازگار
communication and trust appears to be a significant risk factor, one which could contribute to adolescents forming maladaptive
individuals have lower emotion regulation abilities, maladaptive social information processing, and poorer social
maladaptive sociocognitive functioning and use aggressive methods to solve conflicts (Caravita
aggressive behavior is negative or maladaptive.
such as maladaptive parental characteristics and peer relationships may increase the chances of children's involvement in bullying [11-13].
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