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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
نژادپرستی
As Racine (2013) argues, core or foundational knowledge approaches tend to use a neo-Darwinian adaptionist view on innateness, claiming that the inborn knowledge and skills present in infancy were an object of natural selection in phylogeny due to their evolutionary advantage, and hence are coded in genes and necessarily present in every individual.
However, this contributes little to developmental models because phylogenetic adaptations are not preformed phenotypes that are necessarily expressed in ontogeny.5 Neo-Darwinian adaptionism is a meta-theory conceived to talk about phylogeny exclusively: "The neo-Darwinian framework is at root, by definition, a nondevelopmental framework" (Racine 2013, p. 144).
Consequently, the nativist ToM accounts are stuck between their inability to account for the emergence of representation in ontogeny and the implausibility of representation forming in phylogeny.
And most importantly, it has them in virtue of processes which are consistent with developmental reality and which allow for representation to emerge in ontogeny (and phylogeny) from non-representational phenomena.
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