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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
کثرت
In a similar vein, Amartya Sen has characterized the rule of the Indian Emperors Ashoka and Akbar as indigenous forms of Indian secularism, based on pluralism and tolerance, which have been an inspiration and justification for contemporary Indian secularism.
here is not so much one of religious neutrality as one inspired by a powerful spiritual ethos which embraces pluralism and tolerance.
What Bachir Diagne tries to show is that pluralism and equality may be generated from within a religious matrix and a deeply felt piety.6 He also argues that a key component of this spiritual ethos requires one to maintain a distance from political power and is thus inimicable to the idea of an 'Islamic state'.
This was a necessary condition for a vital component of political secularism to emerge: toleration of religious plurality and religious freedom which found institutional expression in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man established after the French Revolution.
In a similar vein to Cavanaugh, Tariq Ramadan argues that: 'Religious toleration was a political means to the formation of strong state power that emerged from the sectarian wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth century rather than the gift of a benign intention to defend pluralism'.
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