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Some studies in postmenopausal women have noted that high gravidity was associated with reduced CVD and non-CHD CVD mortality.182
The SWAN study reported that there were eth- nic differences in the decline in bone density in pre- menopausal versus perimenopausal bone loss, but this decline was also affected by body weight.183 Unlike in postmenopausal women, the BMD and rate of bone loss of premenopausal and early perimenopausal women is better correlated inversely with serum FSH than estra- diol.183 Bone loss becomes more pronounced as the men- ses become less frequent with rapid loss during the years shortly after the last menses.183
The type of HRT and route of administration can present different risks to postmenopausal women.
The Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) classified various stages of the transition to menopausal and postmenopausal states.165,166 Initially, one may notice changes in flow or length.
Postmenopausal, most estradiol is the result of conver- sion of adrenal steroids to estradiol in adipose tissue.
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