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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
مجرم مکرر
The former, by whom he meant selective recidivists, should be imprisoned indefinitely, with their cases reviewed every five years to assess signs of good behaviour and improvement - indicators that their risks of future crime had diminished.
There are some obvious reasons for the resonance of his work with Nordic audiences at that time: his dislike of unnecessarily repressive punishment and belief that some offenders, at least, were redeemable sat well in these societies in which prison regimes were intended to reclaim offenders; as did his downplaying of the importance of judicial thinking in the development and application of the principles of punishment where judges administered law, rather than made it, and where civil servants and the criminal justice intelligentsia were held in high regard; as did his advocacy of indeterminate prison sentences for recidivists in a society in which collective well-being had priority over individual rights; as did his insistence that the state, rather than responding to crime with punishment, should develop preventative social policies - a state in which extensive powers were already in existence and would be extended further as the social democratic welfare state began to be constructed.
Although, in Finland, medico-psychological knowledge was to have minimal impact on policy and administration,9 the use of the indefinite sentence as a form of social defence was reinforced by the Dangerous Recidivists Act 1932: those who endangered 'public or private security' by their repeated offending would be contained indefinitely.
While, from 1930 to 1935, 25 per cent of male defendants examined by psychiatrists in Sweden were diagnosed as 'probable recidivists', this increased to 68 per cent in the period from 1946 to 1950.
This sanction was introduced for recidivists in New South Wales (1905) and New Zealand (1906) in habitual criminals' legislation.
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