1
عمومی::
فراملی
Its significant geo-strategical position has favored the genesis of multiple civilizations throughout history, which functioned as the focal points of transnational routes of commerce and cultural exchange.
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2
علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
فرادولتی
The noun "transnationalism" and its adjective "transnational," which have become so common, often serve only to distort different relation- ships to physical space.
"Transnational" presents the same problem.
The content of this "transnational" link, which should actually be called a transstate one, is never exactly specified.
The political scientists William Miles and Gabriel Sheffer have suggested differentiating between nonethnic "diasporas," which are transnational because they are composed of members of different nationalities, and ethnonational "diasporas," which are transstate.2 I propose the consideration of four ideal types that involve the struc- turing of the collective experience abroad.
This corresponds with what Khachig Tölöyan calls a "transnation": all of a country's nationals, whether inside or outside its borders.3
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