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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
فرادولتی
Building communities, whether local or transstate, can then occur without reference to a territory.
The content of this "transnational" link, which should actually be called a transstate one, is never exactly specified.
The political scientists William Miles and Gabriel Sheffer have suggested differentiating between nonethnic "diasporas," which are transnational because they are composed of members of different nationalities, and ethnonational "diasporas," which are transstate.2 I propose the consideration of four ideal types that involve the struc- turing of the collective experience abroad.
atopic mode This is a transstate mode, but it does not seek to acquire a physical territory.
It corresponds to what in my 2002 book, Politiques d'exil, I call an "exile polity": a political space that is both national and transstate, formed by groups who refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the current regime in their country of origin, or who consider the country to be under foreign occupation.5 In both cases, these exile polities' goal is to liberate their country, nation, people, or land.
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