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For instance, in the 1840s, an ophthalmologist named Mackenzie noted that students frequently suffered from a form of eyestrain, which he dubbed asthenopia.
Mackenzie, whose diagnosis would be asthenopia.
It wasn’t until 40 years later, however, at the Wills Eye Clinic in Phila-delphia, that the first pair of convex lenses for asthenopia was prescribed in an ophthalmologic setting.
In 1859, Albrecht Von Grafe theorized that asthenopia stems not only from abnormalities of the muscles that accommodate the eye for form recogni-tion, but also from abnormalities of the extrinsic muscles that direct our attention to what we are looking for.
In short, he was the first to equate dynamic aiming deficits as well as static focusing deficits as a cause for asthenopia.
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