3
فلسفه::
احتمالی
If, for example, we ask in abstracto, 'is organizational structure best explained by contingency or political models?'
Child, for example, one of the most important contributors to the contingency theory of organizational structure, has revised his views to formulate a strategic-choice perspective, which gave a more prominent role to managers as agents exercising choice within certain contexts than contingency theory would allow for (Child 1997).
Incidentally, notice the difference between Donadson and Hatch and Yanow in the way they use the term 'situated': for Donaldson it indicates an objective state that cannot be ignored; for Hatch and Yanow it indicates locality, contingency, and Heideggerian 'thrownness' (on the latter, see Weick's chapter in this volume).
He then argues that OT has moved away from a bureaucratic structure during the hegemony of the structural contingency research program in the 1960s and 1970s to a polycentric oligarchy in the 1980s, due to the emergence of several new research programs.
Besides the structural contingency program, these new programs include programs such as population ecology, institutional theory, resource- dependency theory, and transaction cost economics.
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4
روان شناسی و مشاوره::
رویداد زمینه ساز
to persist with the activity
in the absence of any external contingency or reinforcement and typically experience
concomitant feelings of interest, enjoyment, or inherent satisfaction while acting
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