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افزایش غیرطبیعی کراتین
Some pathologies were more common in males, including nodules in boys, and cancer, leukopla- kia, and hyperkeratosis in adult men.
The pathology of leukoplakia is vari- able and may include both benign and malignant lesions.1'13 Hyperkeratosis (Figure 4-14) means "excessive kera- tin," which reflects the buildup of kera- tinized (horny) cell tissue, distinctive for its leaf-like appearance and irregu- lar, rough vocal fold margins.1'13 Eryth- roplasia refers to thickened and abnor- mal tissue that is red.
Although the patholo- gies are benign, hyperkeratosis and leukoplakia are hyperplastic epithelial changes, which may enter and involve the superficial, intermediate, and even
Hyperkeratosis.
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