1
عمومی::
لیپوپلیساکارید
[99] observed that murine bone marrow-derived M2-like macrophages activated in vitro by IL-4 and IL-13 display a more elongated morphology than M1-like macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IFN-γ.
, interleukins; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1/5, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/5 (CCL2/CCL12); MHCII, major histocompatibility complex class II; MIP- 1α/β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/beta (CCL3/CCL4); MNCs, mononuclear cells; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells; NF-κβ, nuclear factor kappa beta; PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TGF- β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is a PAMP that macrophages recognize via binding with toll-like receptor 4 (Bianchi and Manfredi, 2009).
After lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, they directly transmit immunosuppressive signals through synchronized Ca2+ waves by using the epithelium as the conducting pathway.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران