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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
رشدی عصبی
The third change is consistent with the reconceptualization of ADHD in DSM-5 as a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a disruptive behavioural disorder.
Family and twin studies have also demonstrated that genetic influences are shared between ADHD and a wide range of other neurodevelopmental and psychopathological traits and disorders, including conduct disorder and problems32, cognitive performance33, autism spectrum disorders34 and mood disorders35,36.
Genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder contributes to neurodevelopmental traits in the general population.
Rare structural variants found in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are preferentially associated with neurodevelopmental genes.
Integrated genome-wide association study findings: identification of a neurodevelopmental network
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