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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
وطن پرست
* Herbert Croly, in his Progressive-era classic, The Promise of American Life, likewise caricatured the position of those with opposing views as "the tradition that a patriotic American citizen must not in his political thinking go beyond the formulas consecrated in the sacred American writings."
The sense of faith in the French government was also devastated, as people who had patriotically invested in bonds to help finance the First World War saw the value of those bonds drastically reduced by inflation, cheating some citizens out of their life's savings.
The view of war itself, rather than other nations, as the enemy began shortly after the end of the First World War, as did the idea that patriotism must be superseded by internationalism, in the interests of peace.
This was not thought of as being against patriotism but, at the very least, it lessened the sense of obligation to those who had died to protect the nation, with its implicit obligation on members of generations that followed to do the same, if and when that became necessary again.
The once epic story of French soldiers' heroic defense at Verdun, despite their massive casualties, was now transformed into a story of horrible suffering by all soldiers at Verdun, presented in the much sought after spirit of impartiality: "Imagine the life of these combatants- French, allies, or enemies."66 In short, men who had once been honored as patriotic heroes for having sacrificed their lives in a desperate struggle to hold off the invaders of their country were now verbally reduced to victims, and put on the same plane as other victims among the invaders.
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