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تلومر
One of the chief ways of activating p53 (and related proteins such as p63) is to damage the telomeres, the protective nucleoprotein caps on the tips of the chromosomes (similar to the way aglets on the tips of shoelaces keep them from unwinding).
When p53 is activated by damaged telomeres, DNA replication halts, and if the repair doesn't work, apoptosis is initiated.
The relationship between shortened telomeres and stem cell depletion has been seen in degenerative diseases such as mouse muscular dystrophy (Sacco et al. 2010).
There is a positive correlation between telomere length and longevity in humans (Atzmon et al. 2010), and telomeres appear to shorten with age in the stem cell
The enzyme complex that maintains telomere integrity is telomerase, which acts as an antisenescence complex.
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