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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
تجمیع
Monopoly and finance capital surrounded the ascendance of digital media and the rise of the web as global media conglomerates such as Comcast, 21st Century Fox, and Time Warner expanded their products and services to adapt to the changing ways in which we produce and consume media.9 These corporations' holdings grew vastly as digital devices and the Internet became prevalent aspects of more and more areas of life.
It also refers to the conventions in which audiences receive regularly programmed entertainment shows or news about world events, usually from a centralized mass distribution source such as a newspaper corporation, television network, major film studio, or news and entertainment media conglomerate.
Media deregulation allowed for unprecedented consolidation of media ownership, which means that in the United States, most media companies are now owned by a few massive global corporate conglomerates, such as Viacom, Comcast, Sony, Twenty-First Century Fox, Disney, British Sky Broadcasting, and Time Warner.
The media infrastructures, industries, and technologies that we are discussing here reveal how communication technology models have shifted from mass media to what Manuel Castells has referred to as the "network society"-information, messages, and finances circulate through networks rather than through systems of broadcast and one-way communication,24 The complex ways in which contemporary media are structured allows both for the effectively unregulated consolidation of media power and for an increase in consumer-user productions and communications, There are now, as we noted, vast corporate conglomerates that own network and cable television, film studios, radio, web media, and newspapers, and huge corporate entities such as Google (which owns YouTube) and Facebook (which owns Insta- gram) that have enormous power over media messages and the structures through which they are circulated and shaped, Media scholar and activist Robert McChesney has chronicled the changes in Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policies throughout the 1990S and 2000S that have limited government regulation of media ownership, facilitating private-sector mergers and monopoly conglomerates that span telecommunications, television, print journalism, the film industry, the web, entertainment and amusement venues, and a surprisingly diverse range of other sorts of industries (food, oil, clothing, toys),25 Yet these same media forms have also enabled consumer-user production, home entertainment, web media, and social media, which in turn have restructured viewing practices, audiences, and the forms through which viewers consume and make media themselves,
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