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تاریخ::
محصور در خشکی
To this he adds natural resources, being landlocked (with bad neighbours), and, finally, bad governance in a small country.
Jeffrey Sachs (in Collier, 2007, p. 54) suggests that being landlocked reduces gross domestic product (GDP) growth by 0.5 per cent per annum.
Geographically, being landlocked limits countries' development opportunities in significant ways and 38 per cent of those in the bottom billion reside in landlocked countries, with 29.41 per cent of those in the Global South being landlocked.
Being landlocked restricts the free movement of goods, making them reliant on neighbours with solid logistical networks.
The imposition of duties and tariffs also affects imports and exports for landlocked countries.
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