1
تاریخ::
توسعه طلبانه
A mas- sive failure of globalization to bring sustained growth and prosperity, or the resurgence of expansionist or nativist nationalism in key countries, could alter this pattern and make military power once again the balanc- ing instrument of choice.
These changes include a territo- rial integrity norm that forbids altering national boundaries by force; increased sovereignty and nationalistic aspirations; the asymmetric ca- pabilities of weaker states; the availability of weapons that allow deter- rence and defense rather than offense; and the absence of a territorially expansionist ideology among the contemporary great powers.
Whether intense balance-of-power com- petition returns or states continue to use soft balancing or mixed strate- gies will depend on the threat environment, the dominance of offensive over defensive and deterrent weapons, the presence or absence of intense nationalist and expansionist ideologies, the existence or absence of norms against territorial expansion, and whether territorial expansion once again becomes necessary for maintaining or acquiring great-power sta- tus.
This is why the European great powers feared expansionist France (under Napoleon) and Germany (under Wilhelm II and Hitler) so much that they formed defensive coalitions.
Finally, the absence of expansionist ideologies such as Fascism, Na- zism, and Marxism-Leninism offers some comfort that rising powers may not succumb, as their earlier counterparts did, to the temptation to become highly revisionist.60 Expansionist ideologies generate uncertainty for nonadherents and neighboring states, both of which may become tar- gets of predation.
واژگان شبکه مترجمین ایران