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سیاسی و روابط بین الملل::
به لحاظ نهادی
This assertion is based on one of the central meanings of the word 'secular' which is 'the here and now' and indeed a dialogical and discursive(as opposed to monological and transcendental) mode of reasoning, institutionalized in democratic procedures, seems the most credible way of legitimizing a liberal secular state in the face of Ramadanian positions which assert that it has no normative priority over other comprehensive world-views.
le argues, instead of seeing secularism in the mirror of an ideal Western model and measuring its deficiencies, we need to understand the ways secularism is 'semantically adopted, politically reinvented, collectively imagined and legally institutionalized'.
For Hallaq, modern states have been unequivocally bad for Muslims, while the shari'a that they often enshrine constitutionally has been either politically abused or institutionally a dead letter.
These missionaries defined religion as interiority, whose proper location is in an individual's conscience and it is this model of religion that later became institutionalized as the object of protection by Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
In contrast, the Egyptian state has institutionalized difference in both public and private spheres.
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